The entitlements to parental leave and force majeure leave in Irish employment law are conferred by the Parental Leave Act, 1998 and 2006. A natural or adoptive parent whose child has not yet reached the age of 8 is entitled to eighteen working weeks of parental leave.
NOTE: The law surrounding parental leave changed in 2013 thanks to a new EU directive which was transposed into Irish law. You can read about the new parental leave situation here.
The parent must have at least one year’s continuous service and the leave can be taken in one block of eighteen weeks or, with the employer’s consent, a combination of days and hours.
The parent is obliged to give at least six weeks’ notice of intention to take parental leave and it is a condition of the leave that it be used to take care of a child.
The employer can postpone parental leave for no more than six months where the leave would have an adverse effect on his/her business.
Parental leave is unpaid leave and unlike maternity leave the employee is not entitled to any social welfare payments. However employees on parental leave benefit from all other employment benefits apart from remuneration and pension benefits.
Force Majeure Leave
Force majeure leave is actually paid leave. It occurs where for urgent family reasons owing to illness or injury the immediate presence of the employee is required where the injured/ill person is.
It may be taken in respect of a child, spouse, brother, sister, parent, grandparent or person to whom the employee is in loco parentis.
Force majeure leave cannot exceed three days in any period of twelve months or exceed five days in a period of thirty six consecutive months. (Note: circular 32/2007 from the Department of Enterprise and Skills affords slightly different arrangements in the education sector in respect of force majeure leave)
Section 13 of the Parental Leave Act, 1998 sets out the entitlement re force majeure leave:
| 13.—(1) An employee shall be entitled to leave with pay from his or her employment, to be known and referred to in this Act as “force majeure leave”, where, for urgent family reasons, owing to an injury to or the illness of a person specified in subsection (2), the immediate presence of the employee at the place where the person is, whether at his or her home or elsewhere, is indispensable. |
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(2) The persons referred to in subsection (1) are— |
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(a) a person of whom the employee is the parent or adoptive parent, |
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(b) the spouse of the employee or a person with whom the employee is living as husband or wife, |
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(c) a person to whom the employee is in loco parentis, |
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(d) a brother or sister of the employee, |
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(e) a parent or grandparent of the employee, and |
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(f) persons of such other (if any) class or classes as may be prescribed. |
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(3) When an employee takes force majeure leave, he or she shall, as soon as reasonably practicable thereafter, by notice in the prescribed form given to his or her employer, confirm that he or she has taken such leave and the notice shall specify the dates on which it was taken and contain a statement of the facts entitling the employee to force majeure leave. |
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(4) Force majeure leave shall consist of one or more days on which, but for the leave, the employee would be working in the employment concerned but shall not exceed 3 days in any period of 12 consecutive months or 5 days in any period of 36 consecutive months. |
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(5) A day on which an employee is absent from work on force majeure leave in an employment for part only of the period during which he or she is required to work in the employment on that day shall be deemed, for the purposes of subsection (4), to be one day of force majeure leave. |
Other Types of Leave
Other types of leave include
- Adoptive leave
- Carer’s leave
All of these leave entitlements, in addition to maternity leave, have slightly different requirements, entitlements for employees, and obligations for employers.
Adoptive Leave
The Adoptive Leave Acts, 1995 and 2005 provide for adoptive leave in Ireland. A mother or sole male adopter is entitled to 24 consecutive weeks of unpaid adoptive leave. There is an entitlement to an additional 16 weeks of adoptive leave, again unpaid. There are social welfare benefits available to the employee.
As with maternity leave the employee is obliged to give four weeks written notice of taking the leave and/or returning to work.
The employee continues to accrue his/her entitlements with the exception of remuneration.
The Adoptive Leave Act, 2005 provides further entitlements to the employee including
- Time off for pre-adoption classes and meetings
- The postponement of adoptive leave in the event of the hospitilisation of the child.
(See also the Adoptive Leave Act, 1995).
Disputes about Adoptive Leave
Disputes around adoptive leave (save for an unfair dismissals claim as a result of the failure of the employer to allow the return to work) are referred to the Rights Commissioner service.
Carer’s Leave
Carer’s leave entitlements are granted to employees who have at least 12 months continuous service courtesy of the Carer’s Leave Act 2001. It allows employees to temporarily leave employment for between 13 and 104 weeks to allow caring full time.
Carers may be entitled to carer’s benefit and are permitted to work for a maximum of 15 hours per week while on leave.
To qualify for carer’s leave an employee will need, inter alia, a medical assessment that the person for whom he/she will be caring is in need of a full time carer. The employee’s entitlements in employment will not be affected apart from those relating to remuneration, holidays, and pensions.
Generally, the employee is entitled to return to the same position that they left. If this is not feasible, then they should be no worse off in terms of their terms and conditions of employment.
| Return to work. |
14.—(1) On the termination of carer’s leave in accordance with this Act, the employee concerned shall be entitled to return to work— |
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(a) with the employer with whom he or she was working immediately before the start of the period or, where during the employee’s absence from work there was or were a change or changes of ownership of the undertaking in which the employee was employed immediately before the absence, the owner on the expiration of the period (“the successor”), |
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(b) in the job that the employee held immediately before the commencement of the period, and |
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(c) under the contract of employment in respect of which the employee was employed immediately before the commencement of the period or, where a change of ownership such as is referred to in paragraph (a) has occurred, under a contract of employment with the successor, that is identical to the contract under which the employee was employed immediately before such commencement, and (in either case) under terms or conditions not less favourable to the employee than those that would have been applicable to him or her if he or she had not been so absent from work. |
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(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b), where the job held by an employee immediately before the commencement of a period of carer’s leave to which he or she is entitled was not the employee’s normal or usual job, the employee shall be entitled to return to work, either in that job or in his or her normal or usual job as soon as is practicable without contravention by the employee or the employer of any provision of a statute or provision made under statute. |
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(3) Where, because of an interruption or cessation of work at an employee’s place of employment that exists at the time of the expiration of a period of carer’s leave taken by the employee, it is unreasonable to expect the employee to return to work on such expiration, the employee may return to work instead when work resumes at the place of employment after the interruption or cessation, or as soon as reasonably practicable after such resumption. |
| Right to alternative employment. |
15.—(1) Where an employee is entitled to return to work pursuant to section 14 but it is not reasonably practicable for the employer to permit the employee to return to work in accordance with that section, the employee shall be entitled to be offered by his or her employer suitable alternative employment under a new contract of employment. |
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(2) Work under a new contract of employment constitutes suitable alternative work for the purposes of this Act if— |
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(a) it is of a kind that is suitable in relation to the employee concerned and appropriate for the employee to do in the circumstances. |
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(b) the terms or conditions of the contract relating to the place where the work under it is required to be done, the capacity in which the employee concerned is to be employed and any other terms or conditions of employment are not substantially less favourable to the employee than those of his or her contract of employment immediately before the commencement of the period of absence from work while on carer’s leave, and |
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(c) the continuity of service is preserved. |
Disputes between employer and employee in respect of carer’s leave must be referred to the Rights Commissioner service in the first instance.
You are strongly advised to seek professional legal advice in relation to any aspect of this or other employment law issue covered on this site.
